This study was carried out to help develop a more evidence-based fortification program in Uganda. It examines the public sector’s complex role in the fortification program and analyzes the Ugandan vegetable oil industry with particular focus on characteristics that are pertinent to the feasibility, cost, and impact of fortifying oil with vitamin A. The report also reviews the private sector cost of fortifying sugar with Vitamin A, and compares the cost and coverage of sugar and vegetable oil fortification.